PROGNOSTIC DISCUSSIONS FOR 6 TO 10 AND 8 TO 14 DAY OUTLOOKS NWS CLIMATE PREDICTION CENTER CAMP SPRINGS MD 300 PM EDT TUE MAY 13 2003 SEE 6-10 DAY SERVICE CHANGE PROPOSAL AT /LOWER CASE/ HTTP://WWW.CPC.NCEP.NOAA.GOV/PRODUCTS/PREDICTIONS/610DAY/ SERVICE_CHANGE.HTML 6 TO 10 DAY OUTLOOK FOR MAY 19 - 23 2003 . . . . . . . AT DAY 5 THE MODELS ARE IN FAIR AGREEMENT WITH THE FORECAST OF THE OVERALL FLOW PATTERN. A SHORTWAVE TROUGH IS FORECAST TO UNDERCUT AN AMPLIFIED RIDGE IN THE EAST...A STRONG TROUGH MOVES ONSHORE IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST AND AN AMPLIFIED RIDGE IS FORECAST IN THE EASTERN PACIFIC. THE MAIN MODEL DIFFERENCE CONCERNS THE HANDLING OF THE SHORTWAVE TROUGH UNDERCUTTING THE RIDGE IN THE EAST...THE OZ OPERATIONAL GFS...ECMWF AND NOGAPS ARE THE LEAST PROGRESSIVE...THE GFS ENSEMBLE MEAN AND 12Z UKMET ARE THE MOST PROGRESSIVE AND THE CANADIAN CLOSES THIS FEATURE OFF AND DROPS IT SOUTH ALONG THE GULF COAST. THE 12Z UKMET AND CANADIAN ARE MORE PROGRESSIVE WITH THE TROUGH IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST COMPARED TO THE OTHER MODELS. BY THE 6 TO 10 DAY PERIOD THE MODELS REMAIN IN FAIR AGREEMENT...THOUGH THE DETAILS OF THE HANDLING OF THE UNDERCUTTING TROUGH IN THE EAST CONTINUES TO BE THE MAIN MODEL DIFFERENCE. THE ECMWF DROPS THE SHORTWAVE TROUGH TO THE GULF COAST AND AMPLIFIES THE UPSTREAM RIDGE... THE 0Z OPERATIONAL GFS IS LESS AMPLIFIED WITH BOTH THESE FEATURES AND TAKES THE SHORTWAVE TROUGH OUT FURTHER TO THE NORTH...THE GFS ENSEMBLE MEAN IS LESS AMPLIFIED AND MORE PROGRESSIVE WITH THE EASTERN SHORTWAVE TROUGH...WHILE THE 6Z GFS IS MUCH FASTER AND MORE AMPLIFIED WITH THIS FEATURE. THE DAVA WENT TO A COAST TO COAST ZONAL FLOW PATTERN AND WAS DISCOUNTED. AN AREA OF ABOVE NORMAL HEIGHTS ORIENTED NORTHEAST TO SOUTHWEST DOMINATES MOST OF THE CONUS IN ALL MODELS...WHILE AREAS OF BELOW NORMAL HEIGHTS ARE FOUND IN THE NORTHWEST AND SOUTHEAST CORNERS OF THE COUNTRY...WITH THE ECMWF BEING A BIT FURTHER SOUTH AND WEST WITH THE AREA OF NEGATIVE ANOMALIES IN THE SOUTHEAST. THE GFS ENSEMBLE MEAN SHOWS THE BEST CONTINUITY WITH RESPECT TO ITS SOLUTION FROM YESTERDAY. THE D+8 ENSEMBLE SPAGHETTI DIAGRAMS INDICATE A FAIR AMOUNT OF SPREAD IN CANADA AND ALSO WITH REGARD TO THE SHORTWAVE TROUGH MOVING OFF THE EAST COAST. MODEL OF THE DAY: GFS ENSEMBLE MEAN FORECAST CONFIDENCE FOR THE 6 TO 10 DAY PERIOD IS RATED AS ABOUT AVERAGE TODAY...3 ON A SCALE FROM 1 TO 5...DUE TO FAIR MODEL AGREEMENT AND CONTINUITY. THE OFFICIAL HEIGHT PROG FOR TODAY IS BASED ON 40 PERCENT OF TODAYS ECMWF CENTERED ON DAY 7...45 PERCENT OF TODAYS 0Z GFS ENSEMBLE MEAN CENTERED ON DAY 8 AND 15 PERCENT OF TODAYS 0Z OPERATIONAL GFS RUN CENTERED ON DAY 8. THE TEMPERATURE PROG IS BASED ON A COMPROMISE BETWEEN THE KLEIN AND NEURAL NET SPECIFICATIONS FROM THE OFFICIAL 500-HPA HEIGHT PROG AND A CONSENSUS OF MOS TEMPERATURE SPECIFICATIONS FROM THE ENSEMBLE MEMBERS...0Z GFS BIAS-CORRECTED 850-HPA TEMPERATURES AND ANALOGS FROM THE BLENDED AND ENSEMBLE MEAN HEIGHT FIELDS. THE PRECIPITATION PROG IS BASED ON THE NEURAL NET SPECIFICATIONS FROM THE OFFICIAL 500-HPA HEIGHT PROG...ACCUMULATED AND BIAS CORRECTED PRECIPITATION FROM THE GFS RUNS AND ANALOGS FROM THE ENSEMBLE MEAN AND BLENDED HEIGHT FIELDS. . . . . . . . 8 TO 14 DAY OUTLOOK FOR MAY 21 - 27 2003 DURING WEEK 2 THE CIRCULATION PATTERN IS FORECAST TO PROGRESS SLOWLY TO THE EAST WHICH SEEMS REASONABLE. ONCE AGAIN THE DAVA DEPICTS AN EVOLUTION TO A COAST TO COAST ZONAL FLOW PATTERN AND WAS DISREGARDED. THE 6Z AVN AMPLIFIES A TROUGH OVER THE GREAT LAKES AND AMPLIFIES A RIDGE NEAR THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST... WHICH SEEMS OVERDONE AND IS NOT CONSISTENT WITH THE OTHER MODEL SOLUTIONS OR THE 6Z AVN SOLUTION FROM YESTERDAY. THE GFS ENSEMBLE MEAN SHOWS THE BEST CONTINUITY WITH RESPECT TO THE SOLUTIONS FROM YESTERDAY. AS WAS TRUE DURING THE D+8 PERIOD...THE GFS ENSEMBLE SPAGHETTI DIAGRAMS FOR WEEK 2 SHOW A LARGE AMOUNT OF SPREAD IN CANADA AND ALSO WITH THE HANDLING OF THE TROUGH MOVING OFF THE EAST COAST. CONFIDENCE IN THE WEEK 2 FORECAST IS ABOUT AVERAGE FOR THIS TIME RANGE...3 ON A SCALE FROM 1 TO 5. THE OFFICIAL 500-HPA HEIGHT BLEND FOR THE 8 TO 14 DAY PERIOD CONSISTS OF 70 PERCENT OF TODAYS GFS ENSEMBLE MEAN CENTERED ON DAY 11 AND 30 PERCENT OF TODAYS 0Z OPERATIONAL GFS RUN CENTERED ON DAY 11. THE TEMPERATURE PROG IS BASED ON THE KLEIN AND NEURAL NET SPECIFICATIONS FROM THE OFFICIAL 500-HPA HEIGHT PROG...0Z GFS BIAS- CORRECTED 850-HPA TEMPERATURES AND ANALOGS FROM THE BLENDED HEIGHT PROG AND GFS ENSEMBLE MEAN HEIGHT FIELD. THE PRECIPITATION PROG IS BASED ON NEURAL NET SPECIFICATIONS FROM THE OFFICIAL 500-HPA HEIGHT PROG...ACCUMULATED AND BIAS CORRECTED PRECIPITATION FROM THE GFS RUNS AND ANALOGS FROM THE BLENDED HEIGHT PROG AND GFS ENSEMBLE MEAN HEIGHT FIELD. FORECASTER: R. SCHECHTER . . . . . . . NOTES: AUTOMATED FORECASTS ARE ISSUED ON SATURDAY AND SUNDAY. OTHERWISE - FORECASTS INCORPORATE FORECASTER INPUT. THE NOTATION FOR THE CATEGORICAL FORECAST INDICATED ON THE MAPS IS THE SAME AS THAT IN THE TABLES: A-ABOVE N-NEAR NORMAL B-BELOW IN THE SOUTHWEST AND OTHER CLIMATOLOGICALLY DRY REGIONS - THERE WILL BE A GREATER THAN 33.3% CHANCE OF NO PRECIPITATION AND OCCASIONALLY EVEN A NORMAL (I.E. MEDIAN) VALUE OF ZERO - ESPECIALLY DURING THE DRY SEASONS. IN SUCH CASES A FORECAST OF NEAR NORMAL IS EFFECTIVELY A FORECAST OF LITTLE OR NO PRECIPITATION. THE NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE FORECAST PATTERNS FOR TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION FOR BOTH THE 6-10 OR 8-14 DAY PERIODS HAS BEEN DISCONTINUED. THE STATE TABLES FOR BOTH THE 6-10 AND 8-14 DAY PERIODS ARE NOW CONTAINED IN THIS MESSAGE...AVAILABLE AS PMDMRD ON AWIPS. EFFECTIVE THURSDAY MAY 17 2001...THE CLIMATE PREDICTION CENTER HAS SWITCHED TO 1971-2000 BASE PERIOD MEANS FOR TEMPERATURE... PRECIPITATION...AND 500-HPA HEIGHTS AS REFERENCE IN THE CLIMATE OUTLOOKS. THE 1971-2000 BASE PERIOD MEANS HAVE REPLACED THE 1961-1990 BASE PERIOD MEANS. . . . . . . . GLOSSARY AND DEFINITIONS:--------------------------------------------- AC - ANOMALY CORRELATION - A MEASURE OF HOW WELL A MODEL FORECASTS THE HEIGHT OR HEIGHT ANOMALY FIELD OBTAINED BY CORRELATING THE IMPLIED GRADIENTS OF THE TWO ANOMALY PATTERNS BEING COMPARED. ANALOG (NATURAL ANALOG) - A WEATHER MAP THAT RESEMBLES ANOTHER WEATHER MAP - USUALLY FROM DIFFERENT YEARS BUT THE SAME SEASON IN THE HISTORICAL RECORD. THE CRITERION FOR SELECTING AN ANALOG IS OFTEN THE PATTERN CORRELATION BETWEEN THE MAPS. TWO MAPS WILL JUST BEGIN TO RESEMBLE EACH OTHER TO THE HUMAN EYE AT A PATTERN CORRELATION OF ABOUT 40%. TO BE USEFUL - ANALOGS NEED TO HAVE MUCH HIGHER CORRELATIONS TO THE ORIGINAL MAP THAN THAT - 80% OR MORE. ANALOGS ARE INCREASINGLY DIFFICULT TO FIND AS THE GEOGRAPHIC REGION BEING STUDIED INCREASES IN SIZE. PERFECT ANALOGS TO THE ENTIRE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE SIMPLY DO NO EXIST - FOR PRACTICAL PURPOSES. THIS IS WHY SIMPLE NATURAL ANALOG FORECAST METHODS DO NOT WORK VERY WELL. ANOMALY - THE ARITHMETIC DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE VALUE OF A VARIABLE AT A GIVEN PLACE AND TIME AND THE LONG-TERM AVERAGE OF THAT VARIABLE AT THAT PLACE AND TIME OF YEAR. AO - ARCTIC OSCILLATION - A MEASURE OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE MEAN MID-TROPOSPHERIC HEIGHT OR SEA LEVEL PRESSURE ANOMALY OVER THE POLAR BASIN AND THE CORRESPONDING AVERAGE ANOMALY IN A RING SURROUNDING THE POLAR BASIN AT MIDDLE LATITUDES. THE AO IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE LEADING MODE OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY OF THE EXTRATROPICAL NORTHERN HEMISPHERE. THE AO CAN ALSO BE CONSIDERED TO INCLUDE THE NAO (NORTH ATLANTIC OSCILLATION) WITH WHICH IT IS POSITIVELY CORRELATED - BUT NOT IDENTICAL. THE PHASE OF THE AO IS CONSIDERED TO BE POSITIVE WHEN HEIGHTS OR PRESSURES ARE BELOW NORMAL OVER THE ARCTIC BASIN AND ABOVE NORMAL OVER SURROUNDING MID- LATITUDES - AND IS NEGATIVE FOR THE REVERSE ANOMALY PATTERN. BLEND - A WEIGHTED AVERAGE OF 500-HPA HEIGHT FORECAST MAPS FROM SEVERAL MODELS. WEIGHTS ARE CURRENTLY ASSIGNED SUBJECTIVELY BY THE FORECASTER. THE SUM OF THE WEIGHTS MUST BE 1. WEIGHTS ARE APPLIED BY MULTIPLYING EACH 500-HPA MAP BY ITS WEIGHT AND ADDING ALL OF THE WEIGHTED MAPS TOGETHER TO MAKE THE OFFICIAL 500-HPA FORECAST. CONUS - CONTERMINOUS UNITED STATES. DAVA - DIVERGENT ANOMALY VORTICITY ADVECTION MODEL. THIS IS A BAROTROPIC MODEL WITH DIVERGENCE IN IT TO ALLOW MORE ACCURATE PREDICTION OF LONG WAVES THAN A STANDARD BAROTROPIC MODEL. REFERENCE: QIN J. AND H.M. VAN DEN DOOL - 1996: SIMPLE EXTENSIONS OF AN NWP MODEL. MON. WEA. REV. - VOL 124 - PP 277-287. EL NINO - THE WARM PHASE OF ENSO. ENSO - EL NINO/SOUTHERN OSCILLATION. FLOW PATTERN - THE PATTERN OF WIND INFERRED BY THE 500-HPA CONTOURS - THE WIND TENDS TO BLOW PARALLEL TO THE CONTOURS WITH LOW HEIGHT ON THE LEFT - IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE - THE OPPOSITE IS TRUE IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. WIND SPEED IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO THE SPACING BETWEEN THE CONTOURS. GFS - GLOBAL FORECAST SYSTEM. THIS REFERS TO ANY OF THE GLOBAL MODELS RUN AT NCEP FOUR TIMES A DAY THAT USED TO BE REFERRED TO AS THE MRF AND AVN MODELS. THE MODEL RUN INITIATED AT 00Z (00 GMT) IS CURRENTLY THE ONLY ONE USED BY CPC IN ITS OFFICIAL BLEND FORECAST - ALTHOUGH THE OTHERS CAN BE CONSIDERED BY THE FORECASTER IN FORMULATING THE TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION FORECASTS. GFS ENSEMBLE - A SET OF GFS FORECASTS WHICH ARE ALL VALID AT THE SAME TIME BUT WHOSE STARTING CONDITIONS DIFFER BY SMALL AMOUNTS. THERE ARE CURRENTLY 25 MEMBERS IN THE GFS ENSEMBLE. THE AVERAGE OF THESE IS THE GFS ENSEMBLE MEAN. 500-HPA HEIGHT IS THE HEIGHT - IN METERS - ABOVE MEAN SEA LEVEL - WHICH ABOUT HALF OF THE MASS OF THE ATMOSPHERE LIES ABOVE AND BELOW - AS MEASURED BY THE PRESSURE. UPPER AIR STORM SYSTEMS TEND TO BE STEERED IN THE DIRECTION OF THE WINDS AT 500-HPA. 500-HPA SYSTEMS CORRELATE STRONGLY WITH SURFACE WEATHER. HPA - HECTO-PASCALS. 1 HPA = 1 MILLIBAR. LA NINA - THE COLD PHASE OF ENSO. MERIDIONAL FLOW PATTERN - OCCURS WHEN 500-HPA CONTOURS EXHIBIT LARGE NORTHWARD AND SOUTHWARD EXCURSIONS WITH EXTENSIVE AREAS OF SOUTHERLY AND NORTHERLY FLOW. MODEL BIAS - THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE MODEL CLIMATOLOGY AND THE OBSERVED CLIMATOLOGY - EXPRESSED AS BIAS = MODEL CLIMO - OBSERVED CLIMO. MODEL OF THE DAY - FOR 6-10 DAYS - IS THE MODEL WHOSE SOLUTION IS CONSIDERED TO BE MORE RELIABLE THAN USUAL - AND MAY BE GIVEN HIGHER THAN TYPICAL WEIGHT IN THE BLEND. NO MODEL OF THE DAY IS CHOSEN FOR 8-14 DAYS. MOS - MODEL OUTPUT STATISTICS - A STATISITCAL TOOL FOR SPECIFYING THE SURFACE TEMPERATURE (AND ITS ANOMALY) FROM MODEL FIELDS - CORRECTING AUTOMATICALLY FOR BOTH BIASES IN THE MODEL FIELDS AND THE SPECIFICATION METHOD. IT IS VALID AS LONG AS A GIVEN CONFIGURATION OF A MODEL IS NOT CHANGED OR MODIFIED. MJO - MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION - ALSO CALLED TROPICAL INTRA-SEASONAL OSCILLATION - A SERIES OF WAVES WITH A PERIOD AVERAGING 50 DAYS THAT MOVES SLOWLY EASTWARD NEAR THE EQUATOR ALTERNATELY ENHANCING AND SUPRESSING PRECIPITATION. NAO - NORTH ATLANTIC OSCILLATION TELECONNECTION PATTERN. IT CAN ALSO BE VIEWED AS THE ATLANTIC HALF OF THE AO (ARCTIC OSCILLATION) TELECONNECTION PATTERN - STRONGLY INFLUENCES TEMPERATURES OVER EUROPE AND MUCH OF NORTH AMERICA - ESPECIALLY DURING THE COLD SEASONS - AND DETERMINES THE MEAN LATITUDE OF THE PREVAILING STORM TRACKS ACROSS THE NORTH ATLANTIC. THE PHASE OF THE NAO IS CONSIDERED POSITIVE WHEN PRESSURES AND HEIGHTS ARE BELOW NORMAL OVER GREENLAND AND ICELAND (STRONG ICELANDIC LOW) AND ABOVE NORMAL AT MIDDLE AND SUBTROPICAL LATITUDES (STRONG BERMUDA-AZORES HIGH) - AND NEGATIVE FOR THE REVERSE ANOMALIES. PNA - PACIFIC NORTH AMERICAN TELECONNECTION PATTERN. PROG - PROGNOSIS - OR FORECAST. PROGRESSION OR PROGRESSIVE MOTION - THE NORMAL MOVEMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC WEATHER SYSTEMS (HIGHS... LOWS... RIDGES... OR TROUGHS) FROM WEST TO EAST IN THE MIDDLE LATITUDES. RETROGRESSION OR RETROGRADE MOTION - A TYPE OF MOTION SOMETIMES OBSERVED IN WEATHER SYSTEMS WHEN THEY END UP IN POSITIONS FURTHER TO THE WEST THAN THEIR ORIGINAL LOCATIONS - CONTRARY TO THEIR USUAL WEST TO EAST MOTION. RIDGE - A REGION OF UNUSUALLY HIGH 500-HPA HEIGHT. SHORT WAVES - RELATIVELY LOW-AMPLITUDE - FAST-MOVING DISTURBANCES OF THE 500-HPA FIELD. SOUTHERN STREAM - A FLOW PATTERN WITH UNUSUALLY STRONG FLOW ACROSS THE SOUTHERN U.S. - ACCOMPANIED BY UNUSUAL STORMINESS IN THE SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST. SPECIFICATIONS - KLEIN AND NEURAL NETWORK SPECIFICATIONS GIVE THE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 500-HPA HEIGHT ANOMALIES AND SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION. KLEIN SPECIFICATIONS TEND TO EMPHASIZE REGIONAL TELECONNECTIONS WHILE THOSE FROM THE NEURAL NETWORK WORK FROM GLOBAL TELECONNECTIONS. . . . . . . . TELECONNECTIONS GIVE THE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE 500-HPA HEIGHT AT A GIVEN POINT AND ALL OTHER POINTS ON A MAP FOR A GIVEN TIME OF YEAR. WE AVERAGE THE TOP/BOTTOM 10% OF DAILY MAPS FROM 1950-1999 FOR THE SAME TIME OF YEAR HAVING THE HIGHEST/LOWEST 500-HPA HEIGHT AT THE SPECIFIED POINT. TROUGH - A REGION OF UNUSUALLY LOW 500-HPA HEIGHT. UTC - UNIVERSAL TIME COORDINATED - SAME AS GREENWICH MEAN TIME (GMT). WESTERLY WIND - WIND BLOWING FROM WEST TO EAST. EASTERLY WIND - WIND BLOWING FROM EAST TO WEST. NORTHERLY WIND - WIND BLOWING FROM NORTH TO SOUTH SOUTHERLY WIND - WIND BLOWING FROM SOUTH TO NORTH. ZONAL FLOW PATTERN - OCCURS WHEN 500-HPA CONTOURS LIE IN AN EAST-WEST DIRECTION PARALLEL TO LATITUDE CIRCLES WITH NEARLY PURE WEST-TO-EAST FLOW. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- THE NEXT MONTHLY AND SEASONAL OUTLOOKS WILL BE RELEASED THURSDAY MAY 15 2003. 6 to 10 day Outlook Table STATE TEMP PCPN STATE TEMP PCPN STATE TEMP PCPN WASHINGTON B N OREGON B N NRN CALIF N N SRN CALIF N N IDAHO B N NEVADA B N W MONTANA B A E MONTANA B A WYOMING B N UTAH N N ARIZONA A N COLORADO N N NEW MEXICO A N N DAKOTA B A S DAKOTA N A NEBRASKA N A KANSAS N N OKLAHOMA A B N TEXAS A B S TEXAS A B W TEXAS A N MINNESOTA N A IOWA N A MISSOURI N N ARKANSAS A B LOUISIANA A B WISCONSIN N A ILLINOIS N N MISSISSIPPI A B MICHIGAN N A INDIANA A B OHIO A B KENTUCKY N B TENNESSEE N B ALABAMA A N NEW YORK A B VERMONT A B NEW HAMP N B MAINE N B MASS N B CONN N B RHODE IS N B PENN A B NEW JERSEY N B W VIRGINIA N B MARYLAND N N DELAWARE B N VIRGINIA N N N CAROLINA B A S CAROLINA B A GEORGIA N A FL PNHDL A N FL PENIN N A AK N SLOPE A N AK ALEUTIAN A A AK WESTERN A A AK INT BSN A N AK S INT N B AK SO COAST N B AK PNHDL A B 8 to 14 day Outlook Table STATE TEMP PCPN STATE TEMP PCPN STATE TEMP PCPN WASHINGTON N N OREGON B N NRN CALIF B N SRN CALIF B N IDAHO B N NEVADA B N W MONTANA B A E MONTANA B A WYOMING B A UTAH N N ARIZONA B A COLORADO N A NEW MEXICO N A N DAKOTA B A S DAKOTA B A NEBRASKA N A KANSAS N A OKLAHOMA N N N TEXAS A B S TEXAS A B W TEXAS N A MINNESOTA B A IOWA N A MISSOURI N A ARKANSAS N N LOUISIANA A B WISCONSIN B A ILLINOIS N A MISSISSIPPI A N MICHIGAN N N INDIANA N N OHIO N N KENTUCKY N N TENNESSEE N N ALABAMA A N NEW YORK N B VERMONT N B NEW HAMP N B MAINE N B MASS N B CONN B B RHODE IS B B PENN N B NEW JERSEY B B W VIRGINIA N B MARYLAND B B DELAWARE B B VIRGINIA N B N CAROLINA N N S CAROLINA N N GEORGIA N N FL PNHDL A B FL PENIN N B AK N SLOPE N A AK ALEUTIAN A N AK WESTERN A N AK INT BSN N B AK S INT A B AK SO COAST N B AK PNHDL A B LEGEND TEMPS WITH RESPECT TO NORMAL PCPN WITH RESPECT TO MEDIAN A - ABOVE N - NEAR NORMAL A - ABOVE N - NEAR MEDIAN B - BELOW B - BELOW THE FORECAST CLASSES REPRESENT AVERAGES FOR EACH STATE. NORMAL VALUES - WHICH MAY VARY WIDELY ACROSS SOME STATES - ARE AVAILABLE FROM YOUR LOCAL WEATHER SERVICE FORECAST OFFICE. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION SEE MESSAGE FXUS06 KWBC - ON AWIPS AS PMDMRD. $$