PROGNOSTIC DISCUSSIONS FOR 6 TO 10 AND 8 TO 14 DAY OUTLOOKS NWS CLIMATE PREDICTION CENTER CAMP SPRINGS MD 300 PM EST FRI MAR 28 2003 6 TO 10 DAY OUTLOOK FOR APR 3 - 7 2003 . . . . . . . THE MAIN MODELS ARE IN REASONABLE AGREEMENT THROUGH DAY 5 AND FORECAST A HIGH AMPLITUDE BUT PROGRESSIVE PATTERN OVER NORTH AMERICA BEFORE THE START OF THE 6 TO 10 DAY PERIOD...WITH A DEEP 500-HPA TROUGH MOVING THROUGH THE EASTERN STATES...A GRADUALLY AMPLIFYING RIDGE OVER THE ROCKIES AND PLAINS... AND A DEEPENING TROUGH OVER BRITISH COLUMBIA AND THE EASTERN GULF OF ALASKA. TODAY THE MODELS ARE AGAIN IN GOOD AGREEMENT ON EVEN SHORT WAVES THROUGH DAY 5 AND ARE HIGHLY CONSISTENT WITH THEIR SOLUTIONS FROM YESTERDAY. THE MODEL MEAN FORECASTS CONTINUE TO SHOW VERY GOOD AGREEMENT TODAY ON THE MEAN PATTERNS PREDICTED FOR THE 6 TO 10 DAY PERIOD... AND ARE CONSISTENT WITH WHAT THEY WERE PREDICTING YESTERDAY. ALL SOLUTIONS DEPICT AN AREA OF POSITIVE ANOMALIES NEAR THE COAST OF SOUTHWESTERN ALASKA AND A DEEP DOWNSTREAM TROUGH NEAR THE WEST COAST OF THE U.S. WITH THE ASSOCIATED NEGATIVE ANOMALY CENTER IN THE VICINITY OF VANCOUVER ISLAND. THE DOWNSTREAM RIDGE IS INDICATED A BIT FARTHER EAST THAN YESTERDAY... WITH THE ASSOCIATED POSITIVE ANOMALY CENTER OVER THE NORTHERN APPALACHIANS OR MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES IN ALL MODELS. THE DAVA MODEL CONTINUES IN BETTER AGREEMENT THAN USUAL WITH THE OTHER MODELS... SHOWING THE POSITIVE CENTER IN ALASKA AND THE NEGATIVE CENTER IN THE NORTHWEST A LIITLE FARTHER TO THE EAST... BUT AGREEING ON THE LOCATION OF THE POSITIVE ANOMALY OVER THE EASTERN U.S...ALTHOUGH AS USUAL ITS ANOMALY FIELD IS WEAKER OVERALL. TELECONNECTIONS FROM THE LOCATION OF THE POSITIVE ANOMALY PREDICTED IN THE VICINITY OF THE ALEUTIANS GIVE REASONABLE SUPPORT FOR THE REST OF THE DOWNSTREAM FLOW PATTERN AS PREDICTED BY THE MODELS... ADDING TO THE GOOD HIGH CONFIDENCE IN TODAYS FORECAST. THE OFFICIAL 500-HPA HEIGHT FORECAST FOR THE 6 TO 10 DAY PERIOD USES 40 PERCENT OF THE ECMWF MODEL CENTERED ON DAY 7... 25 PERCENT OF THE GFS ENSEMBLE MEAN CENTERED ON DAY 8... 25 PERCENT OF THE 0Z OPERATIONAL GFS CENTERED ON DAY 8... AND 10 PERCENT OF THE DAVA CENTERED ON DAY 8. MODEL OF THE DAY: ECMWF FORECAST CONFIDENCE IS RATED AS ABOVE AVERAGE TODAY... 4 ON A SCALE FROM 1 TO 5. THE TEMPERATURE PROG IS BASED ON THE KLEIN AND NEURAL NET SPECIFICATIONS FROM THE 500-HPA BLEND FIELD... THE MOS FORECAST BASED ON THE ENSEMBLE MEMBERS... AND TEMPERATURES BASED ON ANALOGS FROM THE MODELS... ALL OF WHICH WERE IN QUITE GOOD AGREEMENT. THE ANALOGS WERE WEIGHTED MORE HEAVILY IN THE NORTHEAST AS IT IS BELIEVED THAT THE OTHER TOOLS DID NOT ADEQUATELY HANDLE THE LIKELIHOOD OF SHALLOW COLD AIR WITH BACKDOOR COLD FRONTS WITH THIS PATTERN. THE PRECIPITATION PROG IS BASED ON THE NEURAL NET SPECIFICATIONS FROM THE OFFICIAL 500-HPA HEIGHT PROG...CALIBRATED AND BIAS CORRECTED PRECIPITATION FORECASTS FROM THE OPERATIONAL 0Z GFS RUN...AND PRECIPITATION FROM THE BEST ANALOGS TO THE VARIOUS MODELS. . . . . . . . 8 TO 14 DAY OUTLOOK FOR APR 5 - 11 2003 FOR THE WEEK 2 PERIOD THE OVERALL FLOW PATTERN DOES NOT SHOW MUCH CHANGE FROM THAT DEPICTED FOR THE 6-10 DAY PERIOD... ALTHOUGH THERE WAS INCREASING MODERATE DISAGREEMENT ON THE POSITION OF THE UPSTREAM RIDGE AND POSITIVE ANOMALY OVER ALASKA... ANYWHERE FROM THE ALEUTIANS TO THE SOUTHEASTERN PART OF THE STATE OR AS FAR NORTH AS THE ARCTIC COAST. THE VARIOUS INDIVIDUAL GFS RUNS FOR THE MOST PART PROGRESSED THE POSITIVE ANOMALY CENTER ASSOCIATED WITH THE RIDGE JUST EAST OF THE MIDDLE ATLANTIC STATES FOR THE 8-14 DAY PERIOD. MOST MAINTAIN THE TROUGH NEAR THE NORTHWESTERN STATES... BUT SOME OF THE INDIVIDUAL MODELS HINT THAT A NEW TROUGH WILL FORM OR MOVE OUT INTO THE MIDDLE OF THE U.S. INSPECTION OF THE DAILY PROGS FROM THE 0Z GFS RUN SHOWS THIS DEVELOPMENT TOWARDS THE END OF THE 8-14 DAY PERIOD... BUT OTHER MODELS MUST DO IT SOONER AS IT SHOWS MORE IN THE MEANS. TEMPERATURE ANALOGS BASED ON SOME OF THE MODELS ARE GIVING EVEN STRONGER INDICATIONS OF COLD AIR AGAIN PLUNGING SOUTHWARD OVER THE PLAINS. CONFIDENCE IN THE WEEK 2 FORECAST IS AVERAGE... 3 ON A SCALE FROM 1 TO 5. THE OFFICIAL 500-HPA HEIGHT FORECAST FOR THE 8 TO 14 DAY PERIOD USES 30 PERCENT OF THE GFS ENSEMBLE MEAN CENTERED ON DAY 11... 20 PERCENT OF THE 0Z OPERATIONAL GFS RUN CENTERED ON DAY 11... 20 PERCENT OF THE ECMWF SOLUTION CENTERED ON DAY 7... AND 30 PERCENT OF THE DAVA CENTERED ON DAY 11. THE TEMPERATURE PROG IS BASED ON A MIX OF THE NEURAL NETWORK AND KLEIN SPECIFICATIONS FROM THE OFFICIAL D+11 HEIGHT PROG...AND THE TEMPERATURES FROM ANALOGS ON THE VARIOUS MODEL PROGS FOR THE 8 TO 14 DAY PERIOD. THE PRECIPITATION PROG IS BASED ON NEURAL NET FORECASTS FROM THE OFFICIAL 500-HPA HEIGHT PROG...CALIBRATED AND BIAS CORRECTED PRECIPITATION FROM THE 0Z RUN OF THE GFS MODEL...AND PRECIPITATION FROM ANALOGS TO THE VARIOUS MODEL PROGS FOR THE 8 TO 14 DAY PERIOD. FORECASTER: A. J. WAGNER . . . . . . . NOTES: AUTOMATED FORECASTS ARE ISSUED ON SATURDAY AND SUNDAY. OTHERWISE - FORECASTS INCORPORATE FORECASTER INPUT. THE NOTATION FOR THE CATEGORICAL FORECAST INDICATED ON THE MAPS IS THE SAME AS THAT IN THE TABLES: A-ABOVE N-NEAR NORMAL B-BELOW IN THE SOUTHWEST AND OTHER CLIMATOLOGICALLY DRY REGIONS - THERE WILL BE A GREATER THAN 33.3% CHANCE OF NO PRECIPITATION AND OCCASIONALLY EVEN A NORMAL (I.E. MEDIAN) VALUE OF ZERO - ESPECIALLY DURING THE DRY SEASONS. IN SUCH CASES A FORECAST OF NEAR NORMAL IS EFFECTIVELY A FORECAST OF LITTLE OR NO PRECIPITATION. THE NARRATIVE DESCRIPTION OF THE FORECAST PATTERNS FOR TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION FOR BOTH THE 6-10 OR 8-14 DAY PERIODS HAS BEEN DISCONTINUED. THE STATE TABLES FOR BOTH THE 6-10 AND 8-14 DAY PERIODS ARE NOW CONTAINED IN THIS MESSAGE...AVAILABLE AS PMDMRD ON AWIPS. EFFECTIVE THURSDAY MAY 17 2001...THE CLIMATE PREDICTION CENTER HAS SWITCHED TO 1971-2000 BASE PERIOD MEANS FOR TEMPERATURE... PRECIPITATION...AND 500-HPA HEIGHTS AS REFERENCE IN THE CLIMATE OUTLOOKS. THE 1971-2000 BASE PERIOD MEANS HAVE REPLACED THE 1961-1990 BASE PERIOD MEANS. . . . . . . . GLOSSARY AND DEFINITIONS:--------------------------------------------- AC - ANOMALY CORRELATION - A MEASURE OF HOW WELL A MODEL FORECASTS THE HEIGHT OR HEIGHT ANOMALY FIELD OBTAINED BY CORRELATING THE IMPLIED GRADIENTS OF THE TWO ANOMALY PATTERNS BEING COMPARED. ANALOG (NATURAL ANALOG) - A WEATHER MAP THAT RESEMBLES ANOTHER WEATHER MAP - USUALLY FROM DIFFERENT YEARS BUT THE SAME SEASON IN THE HISTORICAL RECORD. THE CRITERION FOR SELECTING AN ANALOG IS OFTEN THE PATTERN CORRELATION BETWEEN THE MAPS. TWO MAPS WILL JUST BEGIN TO RESEMBLE EACH OTHER TO THE HUMAN EYE AT A PATTERN CORRELATION OF ABOUT 40%. TO BE USEFUL - ANALOGS NEED TO HAVE MUCH HIGHER CORRELATIONS TO THE ORIGINAL MAP THAN THAT - 80% OR MORE. ANALOGS ARE INCREASINGLY DIFFICULT TO FIND AS THE GEOGRAPHIC REGION BEING STUDIED INCREASES IN SIZE. PERFECT ANALOGS TO THE ENTIRE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE SIMPLY DO NO EXIST - FOR PRACTICAL PURPOSES. THIS IS WHY SIMPLE NATURAL ANALOG FORECAST METHODS DO NOT WORK VERY WELL. ANOMALY - THE ARITHMETIC DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE VALUE OF A VARIABLE AT A GIVEN PLACE AND TIME AND THE LONG-TERM AVERAGE OF THAT VARIABLE AT THAT PLACE AND TIME OF YEAR. AO - ARCTIC OSCILLATION - A MEASURE OF THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE MEAN MID-TROPOSPHERIC HEIGHT OR SEA LEVEL PRESSURE ANOMALY OVER THE POLAR BASIN AND THE CORRESPONDING AVERAGE ANOMALY IN A RING SURROUNDING THE POLAR BASIN AT MIDDLE LATITUDES. THE AO IS CONSIDERED TO BE THE LEADING MODE OF CLIMATE VARIABILITY OF THE EXTRATROPICAL NORTHERN HEMISPHERE. THE AO CAN ALSO BE CONSIDERED TO INCLUDE THE NAO (NORTH ATLANTIC OSCILLATION) WITH WHICH IT IS POSITIVELY CORRELATED - BUT NOT IDENTICAL. THE PHASE OF THE AO IS CONSIDERED TO BE POSITIVE WHEN HEIGHTS OR PRESSURES ARE BELOW NORMAL OVER THE ARCTIC BASIN AND ABOVE NORMAL OVER SURROUNDING MID- LATITUDES - AND IS NEGATIVE FOR THE REVERSE ANOMALY PATTERN. BLEND - A WEIGHTED AVERAGE OF 500 HPA HEIGHT FORECAST MAPS FROM SEVERAL MODELS. WEIGHTS ARE CURRENTLY ASSIGNED SUBJECTIVELY BY THE FORECASTER. THE SUM OF THE WEIGHTS MUST BE 1. WEIGHTS ARE APPLIED BY MULTIPLYING EACH 500 HPA MAP BY ITS WEIGHT AND ADDING ALL OF THE WEIGHTED MAPS TOGETHER TO MAKE THE OFFICIAL 500 HPA FORECAST. CONUS - CONTERMINOUS UNITED STATES. DAVA - DIVERGENT ANOMALY VORTICITY ADVECTION MODEL. THIS IS A BAROTROPIC MODEL WITH DIVERGENCE IN IT TO ALLOW MORE ACCURATE PREDICTION OF LONG WAVES THAN A STANDARD BAROTROPIC MODEL. REFERENCE: QIN J. AND H.M. VAN DEN DOOL - 1996: SIMPLE EXTENSIONS OF AN NWP MODEL. MON. WEA. REV. - VOL 124 - PP 277-287. EL NINO - THE WARM PHASE OF ENSO. ENSO - EL NINO/SOUTHERN OSCILLATION. FLOW PATTERN - THE PATTERN OF WIND INFERRED BY THE 500 HPA CONTOURS - THE WIND TENDS TO BLOW PARALLEL TO THE CONTOURS WITH LOW HEIGHT ON THE LEFT - IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE - THE OPPOSITE IS TRUE IN THE SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE. WIND SPEED IS INVERSELY PROPORTIONAL TO THE SPACING BETWEEN THE CONTOURS. GFS - GLOBAL FORECAST SYSTEM. THIS REFERS TO ANY OF THE GLOBAL MODELS RUN AT NCEP FOUR TIMES A DAY THAT USED TO BE REFERRED TO AS THE MRF AND AVN MODELS. THE MODEL RUN INITIATED AT 00Z (00 GMT) IS CURRENTLY THE ONLY ONE USED BY CPC IN ITS OFFICIAL BLEND FORECAST - ALTHOUGH THE OTHERS CAN BE CONSIDERED BY THE FORECASTER IN FORMULATING THE TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION FORECASTS. GFS ENSEMBLE - A SET OF GFS FORECASTS WHICH ARE ALL VALID AT THE SAME TIME BUT WHOSE STARTING CONDITIONS DIFFER BY SMALL AMOUNTS. THERE ARE CURRENTLY 25 MEMBERS IN THE GFS ENSEMBLE. THE AVERAGE OF THESE IS THE GFS ENSEMBLE MEAN. 500 HPA HEIGHT IS THE HEIGHT - IN METERS - ABOVE MEAN SEA LEVEL - WHICH ABOUT HALF OF THE MASS OF THE ATMOSPHERE LIES ABOVE AND BELOW - AS MEASURED BY THE PRESSURE. UPPER AIR STORM SYSTEMS TEND TO BE STEERED IN THE DIRECTION OF THE WINDS AT 500 HPA. 500-HPA SYSTEMS CORRELATE STRONGLY WITH SURFACE WEATHER. HPA - HECTO-PASCALS. 1 HPA = 1 MILLIBAR. LA NINA - THE COLD PHASE OF ENSO. MERIDIONAL FLOW PATTERN - OCCURS WHEN 500 HPA CONTOURS EXHIBIT LARGE NORTHWARD AND SOUTHWARD EXCURSIONS WITH EXTENSIVE AREAS OF SOUTHERLY AND NORTHERLY FLOW. MODEL BIAS - THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE MODEL CLIMATOLOGY AND THE OBSERVED CLIMATOLOGY - EXPRESSED AS BIAS = MODEL CLIMO - OBSERVED CLIMO. MODEL OF THE DAY - FOR 6-10 DAYS - IS THE MODEL WHOSE SOLUTION IS CONSIDERED TO BE MORE RELIABLE THAN USUAL - AND MAY BE GIVEN HIGHER THAN TYPICAL WEIGHT IN THE BLEND. NO MODEL OF THE DAY IS CHOSEN FOR 8-14 DAYS. MOS - MODEL OUTPUT STATISTICS - A STATISITCAL TOOL FOR SPECIFYING THE SURFACE TEMPERATURE (AND ITS ANOMALY) FROM MODEL FIELDS - CORRECTING AUTOMATICALLY FOR BOTH BIASES IN THE MODEL FIELDS AND THE SPECIFICATION METHOD. IT IS VALID AS LONG AS A GIVEN CONFIGURATION OF A MODEL IS NOT CHANGED OR MODIFIED. MJO - MADDEN-JULIAN OSCILLATION - ALSO CALLED TROPICAL INTRA-SEASONAL OSCILLATION - A SERIES OF WAVES WITH A PERIOD AVERAGING 50 DAYS THAT MOVES SLOWLY EASTWARD NEAR THE EQUATOR ALTERNATELY ENHANCING AND SUPRESSING PRECIPITATION. NAO - NORTH ATLANTIC OSCILLATION TELECONNECTION PATTERN. IT CAN ALSO BE VIEWED AS THE ATLANTIC HALF OF THE AO (ARCTIC OSCILLATION) TELECONNECTION PATTERN - STRONGLY INFLUENCES TEMPERATURES OVER EUROPE AND MUCH OF NORTH AMERICA - ESPECIALLY DURING THE COLD SEASONS - AND DETERMINES THE MEAN LATITUDE OF THE PREVAILING STORM TRACKS ACROSS THE NORTH ATLANTIC. THE PHASE OF THE NAO IS CONSIDERED POSITIVE WHEN PRESSURES AND HEIGHTS ARE BELOW NORMAL OVER GREENLAND AND ICELAND (STRONG ICELANDIC LOW) AND ABOVE NORMAL AT MIDDLE AND SUBTROPICAL LATITUDES (STRONG BERMUDA-AZORES HIGH) - AND NEGATIVE FOR THE REVERSE ANOMALIES. PNA - PACIFIC NORTH AMERICAN TELECONNECTION PATTERN. PROG - PROGNOSIS - OR FORECAST. PROGRESSION OR PROGRESSIVE MOTION - THE NORMAL MOVEMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC WEATHER SYSTEMS (HIGHS... LOWS... RIDGES... OR TROUGHS) FROM WEST TO EAST IN THE MIDDLE LATITUDES. RETROGRESSION OR RETROGRADE MOTION - A TYPE OF MOTION SOMETIMES OBSERVED IN WEATHER SYSTEMS WHEN THEY END UP IN POSITIONS FURTHER TO THE WEST THAN THEIR ORIGINAL LOCATIONS - CONTRARY TO THEIR USUAL WEST TO EAST MOTION. RIDGE - A REGION OF UNUSUALLY HIGH 500 HPA HEIGHT. SHORT WAVES - RELATIVELY LOW-AMPLITUDE - FAST-MOVING DISTURBANCES OF THE 500 HPA FIELD. SOUTHERN STREAM - A FLOW PATTERN WITH UNUSUALLY STRONG FLOW ACROSS THE SOUTHERN U.S. - ACCOMPANIED BY UNUSUAL STORMINESS IN THE SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST. SPECIFICATIONS - KLEIN AND NEURAL NETWORK SPECIFICATIONS GIVE THE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN 500-HPA HEIGHT ANOMALIES AND SURFACE TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION. KLEIN SPECIFICATIONS TEND TO EMPHASIZE REGIONAL TELECONNECTIONS WHILE THOSE FROM THE NEURAL NETWORK WORK FROM GLOBAL TELECONNECTIONS. . . . . . . . TELECONNECTIONS GIVE THE HISTORICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE 500-HPA HEIGHT AT A GIVEN POINT AND ALL OTHER POINTS ON A MAP FOR A GIVEN TIME OF YEAR. WE AVERAGE THE TOP/BOTTOM 10% OF DAILY MAPS FROM 1950-1999 FOR THE SAME TIME OF YEAR HAVING THE HIGHEST/LOWEST 500-HPA HEIGHT AT THE SPECIFIED POINT. TROUGH - A REGION OF UNUSUALLY LOW 500 HPA HEIGHT. UTC - UNIVERSAL TIME COORDINATED - SAME AS GREENWICH MEAN TIME (GMT). WESTERLY WIND - WIND BLOWING FROM WEST TO EAST. EASTERLY WIND - WIND BLOWING FROM EAST TO WEST. NORTHERLY WIND - WIND BLOWING FROM NORTH TO SOUTH SOUTHERLY WIND - WIND BLOWING FROM SOUTH TO NORTH. ZONAL FLOW PATTERN - OCCURS WHEN 500 HPA CONTOURS LIE IN AN EAST-WEST DIRECTION PARALLEL TO LATITUDE CIRCLES WITH NEARLY PURE WEST-TO-EAST FLOW. ---------------------------------------------------------------------- THE NEXT MONTHLY AND SEASONAL OUTLOOKS WILL BE RELEASED THURSDAY APRIL 17 2003. 6 to 10 day Outlook Table STATE TEMP PCPN STATE TEMP PCPN STATE TEMP PCPN WASHINGTON B N OREGON B N NRN CALIF B A SRN CALIF B A IDAHO B A NEVADA B A W MONTANA B A E MONTANA B A WYOMING B A UTAH B A ARIZONA N N COLORADO N B NEW MEXICO A B N DAKOTA B A S DAKOTA B A NEBRASKA N B KANSAS A B OKLAHOMA A B N TEXAS A B S TEXAS A B W TEXAS A B MINNESOTA N A IOWA N B MISSOURI A N ARKANSAS A N LOUISIANA A N WISCONSIN N N ILLINOIS A N MISSISSIPPI A N MICHIGAN A A INDIANA A A OHIO A A KENTUCKY A A TENNESSEE A A ALABAMA A N NEW YORK N N VERMONT N N NEW HAMP N N MAINE B N MASS N N CONN N N RHODE IS N N PENN A N NEW JERSEY A N W VIRGINIA A N MARYLAND A B DELAWARE A B VIRGINIA A B N CAROLINA A B S CAROLINA A B GEORGIA A B FL PNHDL A B FL PENIN A B AK N SLOPE A A AK ALEUTIAN A N AK WESTERN A A AK INT BSN N N AK S INT N B AK SO COAST B B AK PNHDL B B 8 to 14 day Outlook Table STATE TEMP PCPN STATE TEMP PCPN STATE TEMP PCPN WASHINGTON B N OREGON B A NRN CALIF B A SRN CALIF B A IDAHO N A NEVADA N N W MONTANA B N E MONTANA B N WYOMING B A UTAH N N ARIZONA N B COLORADO N N NEW MEXICO A B N DAKOTA B N S DAKOTA B A NEBRASKA B A KANSAS N N OKLAHOMA N B N TEXAS N B S TEXAS A B W TEXAS A B MINNESOTA B A IOWA N A MISSOURI N N ARKANSAS N N LOUISIANA A N WISCONSIN N A ILLINOIS N N MISSISSIPPI A A MICHIGAN N A INDIANA N A OHIO A A KENTUCKY A A TENNESSEE A A ALABAMA A A NEW YORK A N VERMONT A N NEW HAMP N N MAINE N N MASS N N CONN A N RHODE IS N N PENN A A NEW JERSEY A N W VIRGINIA A A MARYLAND A A DELAWARE A A VIRGINIA A A N CAROLINA A A S CAROLINA A A GEORGIA A A FL PNHDL A N FL PENIN A N AK N SLOPE A N AK ALEUTIAN A N AK WESTERN A A AK INT BSN N N AK S INT N N AK SO COAST B B AK PNHDL B B LEGEND TEMPS WITH RESPECT TO NORMAL PCPN WITH RESPECT TO MEDIAN A - ABOVE N - NEAR NORMAL A - ABOVE N - NEAR MEDIAN B - BELOW B - BELOW THE FORECAST CLASSES REPRESENT AVERAGES FOR EACH STATE. NORMAL VALUES - WHICH MAY VARY WIDELY ACROSS SOME STATES - ARE AVAILABLE FROM YOUR LOCAL WEATHER SERVICE FORECAST OFFICE. FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION SEE MESSAGE FXUS06 KWBC - ON AWIPS AS PMDMRD. $$