Vertical Langrangian Coordinates? The FV3 core uses a sort of vertical Langrangian coordinates. For the smallest time steps, the model uses a vertical lagrangian coordinates. After N time steps, the layers are mapped to those of the hybrid sigma-presseure coordinates. After "N*M" time steps, the physics are run. Output is usually (necessarily?) done at a multple of the "physics" time step. So the user sees that the model output uses hybrid sigma-pressure coordinates. So seeing is believing?